Introduction Humans employ symbols to communicate and express their thoughts. Symbols permeate every aspect of human existence to the extent that no facet of human life has been devoid of symbolism since symbols play an essential role in communication. To decipher symbols and emblems an understanding of the linguistic framework and cultural context of each society is crucial. Khan’s Hammam (bathhouse) in Kashan is a building that is of general benefit to the public. Studying the tilework designs in Khan’s Hammam can not only reveal its artistic merits but also shed light on the symbolism employed and on the attention paid to it by both the patrons and the ordinary people along socio-linguistic frames, religion also plays a pivotal role in reinforcing symbolism during the Islamic era in Iran. Due to the constraints it faced, Shi'ism sought to express its beliefs in a symbolic and enigmatic manner. The range of symbolism in Iran's Islamic period held profound and intricate meanings for Shi'ites. Materials and Methods Khan’s Hammam, located on the way to Kashan’s Bazaar, is a building that is of general benefit to the public. An examination of the patterns and symbols employed in the bathhouse can not only reveal the symbols present in the patterns but also shed light on the reasons for their use in the bathhouse's tiles. The research methodology involves both field study and library research. The research approach is descriptive-analytical. The goal of this study is to examine and classify the patterns on Khan’s Hammam's tiles based on their themes and to identify the symbols used in them. The research questions are: which symbols have been used in the patterns on the tiles in Khan’s Hammam? What are the characteristics of the patterns on the tiles in Khan’s Hammam? Which themes do they convey? The findings of this study will highlight the unique position of each decorative element, including colors, patterns, forms in the creation of symbols and the generation of meaning in a building of general benefits to the public. Findings and Discussion The findings of this research has shown that in the tiling of the entrance hall and vestibule (originally having eight sides, called Hashti) and the changing room of the bathroom (called Sarbineh), motifs and shapes have been used that are symbolically significant. Reliance of man on symbols caused symbolism to become intertwined with mysticism during the Islamic era and to be widely employed in religious structures, public places with general benefits, as well as other places.   Such symbolism reflect the cultural context of the time. This study began by introducing the decorative tile works in Khan’s Hammam. Subsequently, it delved into an analysis of the patterns on each tile, elucidating the rationale behind their selection and the symbolism they embodied. According to the findings of this research, the tiling motifs of Khan's Hammam  included geometric shapes, plants, animals, and human motifs such as circle, Venus (called “Nahid” in Persian), the sun, hexagons, Arabesque (called slimi)motifs, flowers and bushes (called Gol-O-Boteh), bird-and-flower symbols, and depictions of men and women. In other words, the tile work artists drew upon a diverse array of patterns. The overall symbolism employed reflected the unity of existence, the reverence for the Heaven and the divine throne as well as an interest in stars and astronomy. Conclusion The findings of this study demonstrate that Islamic-era artists sought to showcase their artistic prowess while simultaneously fulfilling their mission to convey meaning, foster creativity, and employ symbolism. In other words, the purpose of ornamentation during the Islamic era extended beyond mere visual appeal to encompass the expression of profound concepts such as order, the unity of existence, and divinity, all of which are embodied in the patterns adorning structures of the period. Despite the numerous alterations it has undergone, Khan’s Hammam in Kashan continues to exemplify the astute utilization of symbols and emblems, as a cultural medium for transmitting messages across generations. Upon careful reflection, it becomes evident that the tile-work patterns in Khan’s Hammam are not merely decorative but possess deep-seated meanings and significance.

The art and techniques of colorful tiling in domes, inscriptions, minarets of mosques, buildings and historical monuments from antiquity, is a valuable and important document about the decorations of ancient Iranian architecture. Ancient mathematicians, designers, and practitioners used the geometric methods of knot arrangement, Yazdi-bandi, Muqarnas, (Ahu pai) and other methods, with the help of geometric arrangement of squares, diagonals, rhombuses, and techniques such as "square-to-circle correlation" with the term "mandala. The identification and production of the primary units of geometrical "motifs" began centuries ago and includes geometric units in two dimensions. These motifs have been developed in different historical periods by geometers and designers. It is clear that mathematical-geometric laws have remained fixed in motifs throughout the past. This means that the laws of symmetry have a main origin, in a way that they have been fixed in different historical periods. On the other hand, alignment, balance and symmetry are necessary for each other. Geometry has been used since ancient times to measure the surfaces of buildings and agricultural lands. Points, line segments, angles, circles, squares and triangles have been used in the production of two-dimensional patterns in the order of regular patterns.

Background: Noise is a harmful environmental factor which may cause hearing loss, hypertension, and higher rates of occupational accidents and reduced production. Considering the various intensities and frequencies produced by industrial equipment’s, we assessed the effects of noise on hearing of tile industry workers.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 372 workers exposed to noise level of ³85 dB in a tile factory in Yazd. After clinical examination and completing the questionnaire, audiometry was done by an audiologist for all. Data was then analyzed using SPSS software.Results: Our data showed mean age and work duration was 32.2±6.9 and 9.5±6.4 years respectively. Mean hearing thresholds for both ears were higher in 4000 and then 8000 Hz, as well as in higher frequencies rather than lower ones. Also, left ear showed more sensitivity than right ear. There was a significant relationship between hearing threshold and age and work duration (p<0.001).Conclusion: Our findings showed that exposure to noise in tile industry increases mean hearing thresholds in higher frequencies especially for 4000 Hz, while age and work duration are important factors.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

One of the architectural features of the "Qajar" period in Iran in terms of works of art is their synchronization with religious, literary and mythological themes. Kermanshah’s "Tekyeh Moavan-ol-Molk" building is one of the most significant architectural works of the Qajar period in using tile decorations with such themes. This research is in order to convert the quality of artistic designs of a traditional building into a measurable quantity, and from a statistical point of view, it analyzes the relationship between the architectural spaces of the Tekyeh and the dominant background and color of the tiling in them. Its main purpose was to determine the amount and type of relationship between the architectural space of the support and the background of the designs, their dominant color and reproducibility using a certain statistical method. The most important questions in this research are: 1-What is the classification of the motifs on the Tekyeh? 2- What is the statistically significant relationship between the architectural space of Tekyeh and the background of their dominant designs and colors? Because the type of variables in this study is non-parametric, Chi-square test was used in SPSS software. The present study is applied in terms of the type of research and in terms of research method is in the category of quantitative research and inferential statistics. At first, the theoretical foundations and definition of research variables were explained based on documentary and library studies and analytical and descriptive methods. Then, using field and survey studies, these variables have been explained and summarized in the form of tables using analytical and descriptive methods.The statistical population is one of the tile motifs of the Tekyeh and the volume of samples has been determined as 26 samples using Morgan table. After determining the sample size, and in the next step, the appropriate statistical test was selected to approach the research objectives.Based on the architectural space of the support and the background of the designs, the predominant colors of the designs are considered as the main variables of the research, and the significance of the relationship between them has been analyzed. Since it seems that the relationship between the variables of this research is non-systematic, this relationship is evaluated as non-parametric. Therefore, in order to achieve the objectives of the research, Chi-square test has been used to analyze the data as a valid statistical test. Chi-square test is usually used for relationships when both variables are non-parametric (unless one variable is nominal and the other is interval). There is a direct relationship between chi-square value and the significance of the relationship between the two variables; that is, the larger the chi-square value, the greater the likelihood of a relationship between the two variables. In general, Chi-square only helps to diagnose whether the variables are independent of each other or related to each other. Based on the results, according to the values ​​of Chi-square test 63.96 can be expressed with 95% confidence. There is a significant and systematic relationship between the type of spaces in the support of the Vice-King and the background of the tile designs. Also, the results of Kramer test show the intensity of this relationship with the value of 0.906 show. There is a strong and high intensity relationship between these two variables. There is also a significant relationship between the two variables of background and the predominant color of tiling patterns due to being smaller than 0.05. According to the coefficient of 0.757 Kramer test, it can be acknowledged that the intensity of this relationship is relatively strong. According to other results, there is no strong relationship between the two variables of the type of architectural space and the predominant color of the tile designs in the Tekyeh.In other words, each tile background in each space is determined according to the type and use of that space, and in a way, the backgrounds used in the tile designs in these spaces are intelligently designed considering the type of space and the nature of its function. It was also determined based on other results of the tests of this research that there is a relatively strong and significant relationship between the background of the tile motifs of Tekyeh and the dominant color of the motifs. But based on this research process, it was determined there is no clear and strong relationship between the type of architectural space and the predominant color of the background of its tile designs. This indicates a lack of significant relationship between these two variables. In other words, the designers and artists of this building have paid more attention to the decoration and tiling between the two factors of the relationship between the nature and function of the architectural space and the background of the tile designs, and other factors have been the next priorities.

Timurid period is one of the brightest periods of Iran regarding various arts such as architecture and painting, and Baysonqorid Shahnameh as the masterpiece of Herat painting school that made in royal library of Timurid prince, Baysonqor Mirza in 833 AH, is one of the most magnificent remain opuses of this painting style. In 6 images of 22 images of this manuscript, royal buildings are painted which used as castle and palace that in the first view, the azure tile decorations bring the facade of Timurid buildings to the viewers mind. Drawing plant, geometric and inscription motifs of these buildings were done carefully. 5-images buildings have Kufic and Suls inscriptions. This research tries to answer this question that what are the features of building inscriptions of Baysonqorid Shahnameh images? The main aims of this research are comparing building inscriptions of Baysonqorid Shahnameh Images and buildings of eastern territory of Timurids, since the beginning of formation of this dynasty in 771 AH till the year of constructing this manuscript in terms of type script, colour, decorations and location, and also examining the importance of these images in architectural studies of Timurid based on their inscriptions. The reserch informations collected by library method and presented with descriptive_comparative and analytic method. The research results show that most of the features of Baysonqorid Shahnameh inscriptions are consistent with inscriptions of buildings of Timurid eastern territory. Based on the text of Suls inscriptions of the images of Zal and Rudabeh and Golnar and Ardeshir visit, the depicted monuments in the paintings are inspired by the buildings of Baisanqar Mirza. Since many buildings of Prince Baysonqor or other Timurid rulers in Central Asia have been destroyed over time, these images can be considered as a reliable source in the reconstruction of their architectural and decorative features.

Khorasan, a valuable land with immense vastness has witnessed the rise and fall of numerous monarchies; hence, it has had a definitive role in the historical and cultural happenings in Persia, particularly, in the field of art. The major cities of this region such as Mashhad, Neishabur, Herat, and Samarqand were the key centers for the production of artworks and each city has its own valuable history in the creation of such artworks. Historical monuments, rug weaving, pottery and tile-works were among the many arts that were created and pioneered in the region. It is also worth mentioning that one of the most glorious ages of this region was inherently during the reign of Timur and his sons in Mashhad and Herat. During his reign, arts flourished and the use of decorative herbaceous-floral and geometrical motifs embedded with calligraphy developed extensively. Such celebrated designs were used not only on pages of Quranic manuscripts but also adorned the colorful tiles on historical monuments. In this paper, by considering the role and place of Khorasan in Persia; the illustrations and illuminations of Quranic manuscripts of Herat preserved in museums and collections worldwide including the National museum of Iran, Detorit museum, The Turkish and Islamic Museum of Istanbul, Metropolitan museum, Astan-e Gods museum, Khalili collection and Chester Beatty museum- and the tile-works of the Goharshad mosque of Mashhad will be analyzed according to art techniques such as arabesque patterns, khatai designs, and geometric forms. The results indicate that the designs and patterns are supple on both tiles and manuscripts; furthermore, the harmony between the patterns on the illuminations of Herat and the designs of the colorful tiles of Goharshad mosque indicate that the designers, illuminators, and tile-workers of both areas worked in coordination. Objectives: 1- Classifying and comparing the decorative motifs used in the Timurid illuminated Qur'ans and in the tiles of Mashhad Goharshad Mosque. 2- Collation and comparing the decorative motifs applied on the illuminations and the tile- works based on visual and decorative features. Questions: 1- What forms of visual decorative features are observed in Timurid Qur'ans and in decorative ornamentation of Goharshad Mosque? 2- What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the decorative designs of Herat’s illuminations and those of the tile-works on the Goharshad Mosque of Mashhad?